Best Clinical Research Institute

Clinical Knowledge: The Key to 2025 Healthcare 

Clinical Knowledge

Introduction  The healthcare landscape is in a state of continuous evolution, driven by advancements in technology, research, and a growing understanding of human health. As we look towards the future of healthcare by 2025, one element stands out as the cornerstone of progress: clinical knowledge. This comprehensive understanding of diseases, treatments, and patient care is not merely a static body of information; it’s a dynamic and ever-expanding field that fuels healthcare innovations and shapes the very fabric of modern medicine. In this blog, we’ll delve into the critical role of clinical knowledge in shaping the future of healthcare, exploring its impact on patient care, technology, and the essential role of clinical knowledge in nursing.  The Essence of Clinical Knowledge  At its core, clinical knowledge represents the synthesis of scientific evidence, practical experience, and evolving best practices. It encompasses a broad spectrum of information, including:    Disease pathology and pathophysiology    Pharmacology and therapeutics    Diagnostic procedures and interpretation    Patient assessment and management    Evidence-based practice guidelines    Ethical considerations in healthcare  This knowledge is not confined to textbooks or research papers; it’s continuously refined through clinical practice, research studies, and the collective wisdom of healthcare professionals.  In 2025, global medical costs are projected to rise at an average rate of 10.4%.  Clinical Knowledge as the Engine of Healthcare Innovations  The rapid pace of healthcare innovations is directly linked to the expansion of clinical knowledge. Breakthroughs in genomics, proteomics, and personalized medicine are made possible by a deeper understanding of disease mechanisms and individual patient variability.  1. Personalized Medicine:     Advances in genomics have enabled the development of targeted therapies that are tailored to an individual’s genetic makeup.  This approach, driven by clinical knowledge, allows for more precise and effective treatments, minimizing adverse effects and improving patient outcomes.  2. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML)   AI and ML algorithms are trained on vast datasets of clinical knowledge, enabling them to assist in diagnosis, treatment planning, and drug discovery. These technologies can analyze complex medical images, identify patterns in patient data, and predict disease progression, enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of healthcare delivery.  3. Telehealth and Remote Patient Monitoring:   The ability to deliver clinical knowledge and expertise remotely has transformed healthcare access, particularly for patients in underserved areas.  Telehealth platforms allow for virtual consultations, remote monitoring of chronic conditions, and timely interventions, improving patient engagement and adherence to treatment plans.  4. Robotic Surgery:     Robotic surgery is a great example of healthcare innovations. This technology allows for greater accuracy during surgery and allows for less invasive procedures. This technology is built on the strong foundation of clinical knowledge.  Average per-worker health benefit costs for employers are expected to climb 5.8% in 2025.  The Future of Healthcare by 2025: A Clinical Knowledge-Driven Vision  As we approach 2025, the future of healthcare will be characterized by several key trends, all of which are underpinned by the advancement of clinical knowledge.  1. Preventive Care and Early Intervention:     Advances in diagnostic technologies and a deeper understanding of disease risk factors will enable earlier detection and intervention.  Clinical knowledge will play a crucial role in developing personalized prevention strategies and promoting healthy lifestyles.  2. Integrated and Patient-Centered Care:     The focus will shift from fragmented care to integrated models that prioritize holistic patient well-being.  Clinical knowledge will facilitate seamless communication and collaboration among healthcare professionals, ensuring coordinated and patient-centered care. 3. Data-Driven Decision Making:   Electronic health records (EHRs) and big data analytics will provide valuable insights into patient populations and treatment outcomes.  Clinical knowledge will be essential for interpreting and applying this data to improve clinical practice and inform policy decisions.  4. Increased Accessibility and Equity:     Telehealth and digital health solutions will expand access to quality healthcare, particularly for underserved populations.  Clinical knowledge will be disseminated through digital platforms, empowering patients to take an active role in their health management.  5. Rapid Research and Development:   Data analysis, and machine learning will allow for faster research.  This rapid research will allow for faster development of new medications, and treatments. This is a vital part of the future of healthcare by 2025.  U.S. health spending has risen from $2.8 trillion in 2012 to $4.5 trillion in 2022 and is expected to hit $7.7 trillion by 2032.  The Indispensable Role of Clinical Knowledge in Nursing:  Clinical knowledge in nursing is a critical component of patient care. Nurses are at the forefront of healthcare delivery, providing direct patient care, administering medications, and monitoring patient conditions. Clinical Judgment and Decision Making:     Nurses rely on clinical knowledge to assess patient needs, identify potential complications, and make informed decisions about patient care.  This includes the ability to interpret vital signs, recognize subtle changes in patient condition, and prioritize interventions.  2. Medication Administration and Management:   Nurses must have a thorough understanding of pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics to administer medications safely and effectively.  Clinical knowledge is essential for calculating dosages, monitoring drug interactions, and educating patients about medication adherence.  3. Patient Education and Advocacy:     Nurses play a vital role in educating patients about their health conditions, treatment plans, and self-care strategies.  Clinical knowledge empowers nurses to provide accurate and evidence-based information, empowering patients to make informed decisions about their health.  4. Evidence-Based Practice:     Nurses use current research to improve patient care.  This is a vital part of clinical knowledge in nursing.  5. Adapting to Technological Advancements:     Nurses must adapt to new technology.  This requires nurses to have a strong foundation of clinical knowledge.  Read our recent blog post on Clini Launch – Empowering Students for Success in the Healthcare Job Market   Cultivating and Maintaining Clinical Knowledge  In a rapidly evolving healthcare landscape, continuous learning is essential for healthcare professionals.    Lifelong Learning:   Healthcare professionals must commit to ongoing education and professional development to stay abreast of the latest advancements.  This includes attending conferences, workshops, and seminars, as well as engaging in self-directed

What is Survival Analysis in Biostatistics: Time-to-Event Data 2025 

survival analysis

Introduction  Survival analysis is a statistical method used to analyze the time until a specific event occurs. This event could be anything from the death of a patient, the recurrence of a disease, recovery from an illness, or even the failure of a machine. In clinical studies, survival analysis is commonly used to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments by studying patient survival rates.  Originally, survival analysis focused on studying cancer patients’ time from treatment until death. However, it has since expanded to various other fields. This method is valuable because it not only looks at whether an event happens but also considers when it occurs, making it more insightful than simply counting events.  Survival analysis plays a crucial role in biostatistics, as it helps researchers understand disease progression, treatment effectiveness, and other factors affecting patient health. This field continues to evolve with new statistical techniques and data integration methods that improve accuracy and efficiency.  Enroll For: Biostatistics Course  Understanding Censoring in Survival Analysis  Censoring occurs when we do not have complete information about a subject’s survival time. This happens when a study participant drops out before the study ends or when the event of interest has not occurred before the study concludes.  Censoring can introduce bias if not properly handled. It is classified into three types:  For survival analysis to be valid, censoring should be non-informative, meaning that the reason for censoring should not be related to the event of interest. If censoring is informative (for example, if patients drop out because they are getting sicker), it can lead to biased results. Several statistical methods, such as imputation techniques, sensitivity analysis, and defining drop-out as an outcome, help in addressing these challenges.  Read our Blog post on: Emerging Trends and Techniques in Structural Bioinformatics| 2025    Survivor and Hazard Functions  The hazard function plays a key role in predicting risk over time, making it central to many survival models. The shape of the hazard function provides insights into disease progression, treatment efficacy, and patient outcomes. A decreasing hazard function suggests an initial high risk that diminishes over time, while an increasing hazard function may indicate worsening conditions. Researchers use these functions to model survival probabilities accurately, helping guide clinical decision-making and policy development.  The hazard function is central to survival analysis, helping researchers understand risk accumulation and estimate survival probabilities more accurately.  Applications of Survival Analysis  Survival analysis is widely used across different fields:  With advancements in biostatistics and data integration methods, survival analysis continues to be a powerful tool for decision-making in various industries.  Key Techniques in Survival Analysis  Survival analysis uses different statistical methods, which can be classified as parametric, semi-parametric, and non-parametric. Some of the most common techniques include:  1. Kaplan-Meier (KM) Method  Source: 10.4103/ijd.IJD_201_17  2. Log-Rank Test  3. Cox Proportional Hazards Model  Other advanced methods include:  The log-rank test is a nonparametric hypothesis test to compare the survival trend of two or more groups when there are censored observations. It is widely used in clinical trials to compare the effectiveness of interventions when the outcome is time to an event  Comparing Survival Times Between Groups  The log-rank test is the most widely used method to compare survival curves from different groups.  How to perform a log-rank test:  Other measures include:  Challenges in Survival Analysis  Survival analysis presents several challenges, which includes:  Statistical process control techniques help monitor data quality, and obtaining a statistical process control certification ensures best practices are followed in research studies.  Enroll For: Biostatistics Course  Conclusion  Survival analysis is a fundamental tool in biostatistics, particularly in medical research. It helps answer crucial questions about when and why certain events occur. By considering both the occurrence and timing of events, survival analysis provides deeper insights than simple event counting.  With various statistical techniques like Kaplan-Meier estimation, the Cox model, and the log-rank test, researchers can effectively analyze survival data while addressing challenges like censoring and data integration. Understanding survival analysis is essential for anyone working in clinical research, public health, or any field dealing with time-to-event data.  As data science evolves, survival analysis will continue to benefit from new computational methods and data integration strategies, making it even more powerful for researchers and decision-makers alike.  Frequently Asked Question (FAQ’s)  1. What is survival analysis?  Survival analysis is a set of statistical techniques used to analyze data where the primary outcome of interest is the time until a specific event occurs.  2. What are the common techniques used in survival analysis?  Survival analysis commonly utilizes methods such as Kaplan-Meier (KM) plots, log-rank tests, and Cox proportional hazards regression. While these are widely used in cancer research, other advanced techniques are also valuable and should be considered.  3. What makes survival analysis unique?  A distinctive feature of survival data is the presence of censoring, where some individuals do not experience the event (e.g., death) by the end of the study period. This means that their exact survival time is unknown and must be accounted for in the analysis to ensure accurate conclusions.  4. What is the most used model in survival analysis?  The Cox proportional hazards model is the most widely used survival regression model. It analyzes the relationship between predictor variables and the time-to-event through the hazard function, making it essential for survival analysis.  5. What is Kaplan-Meier analysis?  The Kaplan-Meier method is a statistical approach for estimating survival probabilities over time. It accounts for censoring by considering individuals who have not yet experienced the event and assumes their survival duration follows the same pattern as those who have already experienced the event.  6. What is the primary objective of survival analysis?  The main goal of survival analysis is to estimate and understand the relationship between the time-to-event (response variable) and one or more predictor variables, helping researchers make informed conclusions.  7. How is survival analysis performed using R?  Survival analysis in R enables researchers to examine the occurrence rates of events over time without assuming constant event rates. It allows for modeling the time

Clini Launch – Empowering Students for Success in the Healthcare Job Market 

Healthcare Job Market

In the ever-evolving healthcare industry, skilled professionals are always in high demand. The demand is amplified by the growing importance of data-driven healthcare solutions, emerging advanced technologies, and specialized knowledge in medical, healthcare and clinical research fields. At Clini Launch, we offer cutting-edge training programs designed to equip students with the skills, knowledge, and practical experience needed to excel in the healthcare sector. Our graduates consistently stand out in the job market due to the quality of education and industry-specific expertise they acquire during their training session.  In this blog, you will explore why Clini Launch graduates are among the most sought-after in the healthcare job market, highlighting the core components of our courses, our training approach, and how we prepare our students for success in fields like clinical research, medical coding, bioinformatics, biostatistics, and more.  Who Are We?  Clini Launch is a distinguished leader in healthcare education and training, offering specialized programs designed to fill the gap in healthcare professionals’ skill sets. Clini Launch programs are accredited by notable institutions like IAO (International Accreditation Organization), NSDC (National Skill Development Corporation), BRIT QUALIS UK Limited, EBVTR (Educational Board of Vocational Training and Research), and IAF (International Accreditation Forum), Clini Launch provides high-quality, accredited education across India and Dubai.   Our mission is to equip healthcare professionals with not only theoretical knowledge but also practical skills that are crucial for their success in the healthcare industry.  We offer a diverse range of health administration course / programs such as:  These programs are designed to cater to a wide range of healthcare career aspirations. Whether you are interested in clinical research or Bioinformatics, Clini Launch provides the tools and expertise you need to succeed in your coming future.  How are we different from our competitors?  In today’s competitive healthcare job market, standing out from the crowd requires more than just completing a course. And that is what we provide at Clini Launch, we understand that success hinges on practical, hands-on experience and up-to-date industry knowledge with proper tools. Unlike many competitors, we do not just offer theoretical knowledge; our curriculum integrates real-world applications, ensuring that students are industry-ready by the time they complete their health administration course and programs.  We focus on core competencies such as:  Our students get an opportunity to apply what they learn through interactive workshops, internships, and collaborations with leading healthcare organizations. This experience sets them apart from other candidates in the job market, ensuring they are not just familiar with healthcare concepts but are capable of contributing to real-world projects immediately.  What Makes the Clini Launch Training System So Attractive to Employers?  In the healthcare industry, employers are looking for candidates who are not only knowledgeable but also capable of handling the fast-paced, high-stakes environment. Clini Launch graduates are equipped with the practical skills and expertise needed to thrive in such a healthcare job market.   Here’s why Clini Launch graduates are so attractive to employers:  Why Do We Stand Out?  What truly makes Clini Launch unique is our commitment to delivering education that is not only relevant but also highly impactful in the professional world.   Here’s what sets us apart:  What Are We Building and Why Join Clini Launch?  At Clini Launch, we are building a platform for healthcare professionals who aspire to make meaningful contributions to the healthcare ecosystem. Our focus is on providing industry-ready education with health administration course that empowers individuals to make an impact through:  Joining Clini Launch means gaining access to a transformative learning experience that helps you secure your dream job in the healthcare industry to raise in career in clinical research. Whether you are looking to become a clinical research coordinator, pursue a career in diploma in medical coding, or explore AI in healthcare, Clini Launch offers the tools, resources, and mentorship needed to succeed.  Conclusion  In a competitive healthcare job market, education and practical experience are the keys to standing out. Clini Launch offers specialized training programs that equip students with both the knowledge and the hands-on experience necessary to thrive in the healthcare sector. From clinical research to medical coding and bioinformatics, our programs provide a well-rounded education that aligns with industry needs.  Graduating from Clini Launch means joining a community of skilled professionals who are ready to take on the challenges of the healthcare world. With our expert-led courses, industry partnerships, and strong career support, we ensure that our graduates are well-prepared for success in the job market.  Over to You  Are you ready to elevate your career in healthcare?   If you’re passionate about clinical research, bioinformatics, or any of the other specialized fields we offer, Clini Launch is the perfect place to start your journey. Explore our programs today and take the first step toward securing a bright and rewarding future in healthcare. Visit Clini Launch today!  References

Powerful Ways How Natural Language Processing Applications Are Driving Today’s AI | 2025 

Natural Language Processing Application

Introduction  In today’s data-driven world, vast amounts of information are generated every second. Harnessing this data effectively requires advanced technologies like Natural Language Processing (NLP), a crucial component of modern AI solutions. NLP enables machines to understand, interpret, and respond to human language, making it a powerful tool across industries.  Businesses, from tech startups to global enterprises, are leveraging Natural Language Processing applications to enhance efficiency, streamline operations, and gain valuable insights. One of the most impactful sectors benefiting from NLP is healthcare. From automating patient interactions to improving diagnostics and clinical decision-making, NLP is transforming the industry. Professionals looking to specialize in this field can enhance their expertise with a healthcare domain certification or an AI in healthcare course, equipping themselves with the skills needed to drive innovation.  According to Grand View Research, the global NLP market was valued at USD 27.73 billion in 2022 and is projected to grow at an astonishing CAGR of 40.4% from 2023 to 2030.   This rapid expansion highlights the increasing adoption of NLP-powered applications. As AI continues to evolve, NLP remains at the forefront, bridging the gap between humans and machines and revolutionizing industries worldwide.  Natural Language Processing (NLP) in AI: An overview  Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a groundbreaking field that combines computer science, artificial intelligence (AI), and linguistics to enable machines to understand, interpret, and generate human language. With the exponential growth of text data from social media, research articles, and medical records, Natural Language Processing applications are transforming industries by automating tasks and extracting meaningful insights.  One of the most impactful areas of NLP is AI in healthcare, where it plays a crucial role in improving patient care, streamlining operations, use of robotics, AI driven genetic research (EVO 2 NVIDIA) and enhancing decision-making. NLP in clinical trials is revolutionizing how researchers analyze vast amounts of medical literature, patient records, and trial data, leading to faster drug discoveries and improved patient outcomes. Additionally, clinical trial support using NLP helps identify suitable candidates, detect adverse effects, and optimize regulatory documentation, ultimately accelerating the research process.  From chatbots and virtual assistants to real-time language translation and sentiment analysis, NLP is shaping the way we interact with technology. As the global NLP market grows—from $3,186 million in 2017 to an estimated $43,300 million by 2025—businesses and healthcare organizations are increasingly investing in this powerful AI-driven technology.  Natural Language Processing Techniques  The Natural Language Processing (NLP) ecosystem relies on various techniques that enable machines to understand and process human language. These techniques power Natural Language Processing applications across industries, including AI in healthcare course, where NLP enhances diagnostics, automates administrative tasks, and improves clinical decision-making.   Below are some key NLP techniques:  Tokenization breaks down text into smaller, manageable parts called “tokens.” For instance, in the sentence “NLP enhances clinical trial support using NLP,” tokenization would divide it into distinct words like “NLP,” “enhances,” “clinical,” “trial,” “support,” and “using NLP.” This technique is crucial for NLP in clinical trials, helping analyze medical texts and streamline trial documentation.  NER identifies key entities such as names, dates, and locations. For example, in “Dr. Kalita conducted a clinical trial in Assam in June,” NER recognizes “Dr. Kalita” as a person, “Assam” as a location, and “June” as a time reference. This technique enhances clinical trial support using NLP by automating patient data extraction and improving trial efficiency.  Stemming removes word suffixes, while lemmatization refines words to their base form. For instance, “treating,” “treated,” and “treatment” all reduce to “treat.” These techniques enhance AI in healthcare by standardizing medical terminology, improving document analysis, and refining search results in medical research databases.  By leveraging these NLP techniques, businesses and healthcare organizations can unlock powerful AI-driven solutions, transforming operations and research efficiency.  Natural Language Processing Application in Business  Natural Language Processing (NLP) is transforming industries by enabling machines to understand and process human language. From customer service automation to AI in healthcare and from biotechnology to genetics in clinical research, NLP is driving efficiency and innovation. Businesses are leveraging Natural Language Processing applications to improve customer interactions, extract insights from large datasets, and enhance decision-making.   Below are key business applications of NLP, with a special focus on its role in clinical trial support using NLP and healthcare advancements.  Customer sentiment analysis helps businesses gauge public opinion by analyzing text from social media, customer reviews, and online forums. NLP-powered sentiment analysis identifies emotions such as positive, negative, or neutral, allowing companies to improve their products and services. For example, power supplier TasNetworks used sentiment analysis on customer surveys to detect service-related concerns and enhance customer satisfaction.  2. Text Classification for Document Management  Text classification organizes and labels text documents for efficient data retrieval. Businesses use it to categorize emails, flag inappropriate content, and manage corporate documents. Social media platforms like LinkedIn and Facebook use text classification to detect inappropriate or harmful content. In healthcare, text classification assists in organizing clinical trial records and patient data for research purposes, playing a crucial role in NLP in clinical trials.  3. Conversational Agents: Chatbots & Virtual Assistants  NLP powers chatbots and virtual assistants to improve customer support.  In AI in healthcare course, chatbots assist patients by providing appointment reminders, symptom assessments, and medication guidance, improving accessibility to medical services.  4. Machine Translation for Global Business Communication  Machine translation automatically converts text from one language to another, enabling seamless global communication. While systems like Google Translate provide reasonable accuracy, challenges remain in translating long sentences, idioms, and cultural expressions. Businesses use machine translation for international customer support, legal document processing, and multilingual content generation.  5. Sentiment Analysis in Healthcare and Business  Sentiment analysis enables companies to track customer feedback and brand perception. In AI in healthcare, sentiment analysis is applied to patient feedback, clinical trial reports, and electronic health records to identify trends in healthcare services. Pharmaceutical companies use clinical trial support using NLP to analyze trial outcomes and patient responses, helping them refine drug development strategies.  6. Text Summarization for Quick Insights  Text summarization extracts

Diploma in Medical Coding: Decoding the Future of 7 Key 3D Printed Medical Device Transformations 

diploma in medical coding

Introduction  Ever wondered how a shattered bone becomes a perfect, 3D-printed replacement? Or how a surgeon navigates a labyrinth of arteries with a model built from pixels? We’re not talking science fiction; we’re talking about the silent revolution happening in medicine, powered by 3D printing. But here’s the twist: behind every incredible advancement, there’s a secret language, a code that unlocks its potential. It’s the language of medical coding, and it’s about to change everything you thought you knew about healthcare. Intrigued? Good. Because you’re about to discover how a simple diploma in medical coding certification can place you at the heart of this extraordinary transformation.  What is meant by 3D Printing?  The additive manufacturing process involves 3D printing, which builds objects layer by layer from a digital model. This process begins with a detailed 3D design that is sliced into thin layers. These layers are then sequentially deposited by the printer to form the final product.  Key technologies are:  Materials used in 3D Printing:  Personalized Prosthetics: The Art of Crafting Second Chances  Imagine a world where prosthetics don’t just replace limbs; they become extensions of the person, perfectly tailored to their unique form. 3D printing makes this a reality, crafting personalized limbs that move and feel like the real thing. But how do we capture the magic of these bespoke creations? The answer lies in the intricate codes that describe their design and function. This isn’t just about billing; it’s about documenting the story of a patient’s second chance. An advanced medical coding course will reveal the secrets behind these codes, turning you into a storyteller of medical innovation.  In 2022, the global size of 3D printing medical devices market in terms of revenue was estimated to be worth USD 2.7 billion. It’s expected to reach USD 6.9 billion by 2028. It’s growing at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 17.1% from 2022 to 2028.   Surgical Planning: When Pixels Become Reality (And Lives Are Saved)  Ever wondered how surgeons tackle the most complex cases? They don’t just rely on textbooks; they hold the patient’s anatomy in their hands, thanks to 3D-printed models. These models are like roadmaps, guiding surgeons through intricate procedures with pinpoint accuracy. But translating these digital blueprints into real-world procedures requires a language of its own. Professionals with a diploma in medical coding become interpreters, ensuring every step is meticulously documented, bridging the gap between innovation and patient care.  Bioprinting: The Quest to Build Life, One Layer at a Time  What if we could print organs? What if we could heal injuries by printing new tissue? Bioprinting is pushing the boundaries of what’s possible, promising a future where damaged tissues can be regenerated, and organ shortages become a thing of the past. But this frontier of medicine requires a new lexicon, a way to describe the incredible processes involved. Institutions like Clini Launch Research Institute are pioneering these techniques, and they need coders who can speak this evolving language. An advanced medical coding course is your passport to this uncharted territory, where you’ll learn to decode the future of medicine.  Custom-Made Tools: The Surgeon’s Secret Weapon  Imagine a surgeon wielding a tool designed specifically for their hand, their technique, their patient. 3D printing makes this a reality, creating bespoke surgical instruments that improve accuracy and efficiency. But these aren’t just tools; they’re extensions of the surgeon’s skill. And like any masterpiece, they need to be documented with care and accuracy. This is where medical coders step in, ensuring every detail is captured, every innovation recorded.  Drug Delivery: The Future of Personalized Medicine, One Pill at a Time  What if your medication could be tailored to your DNA? 3D printing is making this a reality, creating personalized drug delivery systems that revolutionize treatment. But how do we track and manage these bespoke medications? The answer lies in the codes that define their composition and delivery. A medical coding certification will empower you to navigate this new era of personalized medicine, where every pill tells a story.  Enroll now: Advanced Diploma in Medical Coding  Point-of-Care Miracles: Bringing Medicine to the Ends of the Earth  Imagine a remote village, miles from the nearest hospital, where a 3D printer creates life-saving medical devices on demand. This isn’t a dream; it’s the potential of point-of-care manufacturing. But how do we ensure these devices are safe, effective, and properly documented? The answer lies in standardized coding practices, ensuring that medical innovation reaches every corner of the world.  The Coders’ Secret: Unlocking the Future of Medicine (And Your Own)  The truth is medical coding isn’t just about numbers and codes; it’s about being a vital part of a revolution. It’s about translating innovation into care, ensuring that every breakthrough reaches the patients who need it most. And by pursuing a medical coding diploma, you’re not just learning a skill; you’re joining a community of visionaries, shaping the future of healthcare.  Conclusion: Your Invitation to the Future  3D printing is more than a technology; it’s a promise, a glimpse into a future where medicine is personalized, precise, and accessible to all. But these future needs interpreters, storytellers, and codebreakers. It needs you. Are you ready to join the revolution? Are you ready to speak the secret language of 3D-printed miracles? The future is calling, and your medical coding certification is your answer. Take the first step towards a rewarding career in this transformative field. Explore our comprehensive advanced diploma in medical coding programs and discover how you can become a vital part of the future of healthcare. Visit Clini Launch Research Institute today!  References  3D Printing in Medical Device Manufacturing: Transforming Innovation with Precision and Personalization  https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/3d-printing-medical-device-manufacturing-transforming-bhat-mvcic 3D Printing Medical Devices Market Size by Component (3D Printer, 3D Bioprinter, Material, Software, Service), Technology (EBM, DMLS, SLS, SLA, DLP, Polyjet), Application (Surgical Guides, Prosthetics, Implants), End User & Region – Global Forecast to 2028  https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/3d-printing-medical-devices-market-90799911.html

Land Your Dream Job! 8 Top Healthcare Management Companies Hiring Now! 

top healthcare management companies

Healthcare Management Careers A healthcare management graduate opens doors to a variety of roles in top healthcare management companies in the healthcare sector. Healthcare management professionals can work in hospitals, consulting firms, pharmaceutical companies, health tech startups, banking sector and multinational corporations. Popular job profiles for recruiting healthcare professionals include Hospital Administrator, Healthcare Consultant, Healthcare IT Manager, and Health Insurance Manager. These professionals ensure efficient healthcare delivery, streamline operations, and enhance patient care.  What are Healthcare Management Solutions?  Healthcare management solutions comprise a broad spectrum of software, technologies, and services aimed at improving operational efficiency and patient care.   Some of the critical aspects of an executive MBA in hospital and healthcare management. include:  To learn more, enroll for MBA in healthcare management  MBA Healthcare Management Services  Core Areas: Healthcare Management Careers  Hospital Management System is a system enabling hospitals to manage information and data related to all aspects of healthcare, such as processes, providers, patients, and more, which in turn ensures that all the processes are completed effectively.  Top Healthcare Management Companies: Key Employment Industries recruiting graduates  MBA Healthcare Management graduates, specializing in MBA in hospital and healthcare management are in high demand across different industries. Some of the top healthcare management companies recruiting MBA are from leading hospitals, pharmaceutical companies, IT firms, and consulting firms.  Top Healthcare Management Companies: Healthcare Management Careers   Hospitals and Healthcare Institutions  To learn more, enroll for MBA in healthcare management  2. Medanta- The Medicity  A leading private hospital in India, Medanta recruiting MBA professionals for strategy, operations, and patient care management. The focus is on enhancing operational workflows and patient experiences. Details about the healthcare Management Careers is provided below:  Pharmaceutical and Biotech Companies  3. Novartis  Novartis, a global pharmaceutical leader, recruits MBA graduates for roles in marketing, business development, and regulatory affairs. The focus is on drug commercialization and market expansion. Details about the healthcare Management Careers is provided below:  4. Johnson & Johnson  J&J is one of the top healthcare management companies that hires healthcare MBAs for product development, healthcare strategy, and regulatory compliance. The focus is on medical devices, pharmaceuticals, and healthcare solutions. Details about the healthcare Management Careers is provided below:  5. Thermo Fisher Scientific  Thermo Fisher focuses on healthcare diagnostics, life sciences and research. TFS recruiting MBA graduates for business strategy, operations, and market analytics roles. Details about the healthcare Management Careers is provided below:  Healthcare IT and Technology Firms  6. Kaaya Health  It is a digital healthcare startup, Kaaya Health hires MBA professionals for business growth, strategic partnerships, and digital transformation initiatives. Details about the healthcare Management Careers is provided below:  7. IN-Med Prognostics  This AI-driven healthcare analytics firm recruiting MBA professionals for data-driven decision-making and healthcare operations. Details about the healthcare Management Careers is provided below:  8. MediLocker  MediLocker focuses on digital healthcare record management which also comes under top healthcare management companies. It hires MBA professionals for business growth and strategic planning. Details about the healthcare Management Careers is provided below:  Other Companies hiring Executive MBA in hospital and healthcare management  Multinational Technology Companies  Amazon  Amazon’s healthcare division hires MBA graduates for roles in operations, supply chain, and healthcare analytics, focusing on streamlining healthcare logistics. Details about the healthcare Management Careers is provided below:  Read our blog post on Executive MBA in Healthcare Management: 5 Effective Advantages | 2025  Reliance Industries Limited  Reliance Healthcare recruits MBA professionals for roles in strategy, policy planning, and healthcare infrastructure management. Details about the healthcare Management Careers is provided below:  Preparing for MBA Campus Recruitment  MBA students specializing in healthcare management must be well-prepared to secure top roles in the industry. To stand out, candidates should focus on building strong analytical, leadership, and problem-solving skills. Engaging in internships, networking with industry professionals, and staying updated on healthcare trends can significantly improve job prospects.   Mock interviews, group discussions, and resume-building workshops are crucial for excelling in recruitment processes. Additionally, understanding employer expectations and preparing for pre-placement interviews can enhance confidence and improve placement success rates.  Strategies to Succeed  Success Metrics  Dual Specialization Programs from CliniLaunch  MBA healthcare management programs and health administration course will make you focus on accelerating your career by advancing your knowledge. By enrolling for an executive MBA in hospital and Healthcare management, you can have one more specialization with Clini Luanch’s different courses. Clini Launch offers specializations and the courses are IAO, LSSSDC, NSDC, and IAF accredited. These courses are affiliated with Grade A++ NAAC accredited from Bangalore University.  Healthcare Management (Major)  In the above-mentioned course, we offer a major course in Healthcare Management. This major course helps you develop strategies in the context of the healthcare management domain. You will be able to prioritize various aspects of your profession and succeed in your career by mastering the ideas. The employment profiles listed below are available to postgraduate students: Healthcare manager, Hospital manager, Compliance officer, Chief executive officer, Chief nursing officer, and other positions related to the healthcare industry.    Read the blog post: MBA Healthcare management  Marketing Management (Specialization)  You can also get a specialization in marketing management, which is in high demand and has emerged as one of the most important competencies in the healthcare field. Selecting this area of expertise will undoubtedly make you an asset to the related company. Possessing marketing management skills will help you progress in your career and open you to a wide range of employment options.    Business Analytics (Specialization)  According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 2025, with the high demand of data scientists, the market is projected to jump by 35% in job openings between 2024 and 2032. In the generation of artificial intelligence and machine learning, business analytics is making its impact on the workforce. A specialization in the field of business analytics is an added advantage for you. By getting knowledge in this field, you will be able to deliver meaningful actionable insights from the data that has been collected and organized.   Logistics & Supply Chain Management (Specialization)  In the context of logistics trends, DHL

6 Patient Recruitment Steps for Clinical Trial Process 

Patient Recruitment

According to OpenClinica, 80% of randomized clinical trials face delays because of patient recruitment, with 90% of them doubling down the original trial timeline. It has a long been a bottleneck in the world of clinical trials. Finding and engaging the right participants, especially, those who meet the specific criteria and are willing to commit to the study’s duration, is a complex and often time-consuming process. However, advancements in technology and a growing understanding of patient needs while it also revolutionizes how we approach clinical trial patient recruitment.   With the traditional methods of relying on physician’s referrals and local advertising are often insufficient, especially for rare diseases or trials requiring specific demographics. This is where the power of modern solutions comes into play. Patient recruitment platforms are engaging as vital tools, offering a centralized hub for connecting researchers with potential participants. These platforms leverage digital tools and technologies to reach a wider audience while streamlining the screening process and improve overall efficiency.   Clinical Trail Patient Recruitment Process  Clinical trial patient recruitment process consists of multiple steps involving clinical trial patient recruitment executing strategy. The process ranges from understanding the demographics to finalize the process by submitting an IRB (Institutional Review Board) packet. Following is the step-by-step process given below:   Step 1: Patient Population Research  The research for patient population is getting to know the patients. It is to ensure the patients intends targeting a successful recruitment campaign. To begin with the first step, the Contract research organizations (CROs) look into the basic demographics of patient population. It includes patients age, gender, race, ethnicity, relevant insights. This is to make a point considering the studied patient conditions, and how the research impact their day-to-day life. With this determined approach to identify and communicating the benefits to the patients about participating in the research.   Step 2: Pre-Screener and Landing Page for the trial  Step two involves the screening before the process of outreach. It is very important to send the potential research participants who have shown their interest in the study. To provide most relevant information and context to the patients, a landing page with more information is required with a pre-screener to gather data about inclusion and exclusion criteria for those who may qualify for the study or research. Both pre-screener and landing pages are considered important for the outreach materials. They are a part of the materials that is drafted to submit to the Institutional Review Board (IRB).   Step 3: Drafting the Outreach Plan  While focusing on the building an initial outreach, CROs are able to identify the most effective outreach channels for research study. It is suggested that Facebook is a powerful platform to reach a wider audience of all types. Along with this, there are also another social media platform that are helpful, it is depends on the demographics. Leveraging the network of patient advocacy groups, CROs gain insights into optimal communication strategies for diverse patient populations. A detailed outreach plan ensures consistent messaging across all materials, creating a clear and unified experience for potential participants.  Step 4: Developing Outreach Materials  Developing Outreach Materials is the step is where they create ad copy, select images, design materials, and create additional outreach resources by using the campaign. The content and materials produced for outreach while making sure that anything will be used is included before submitting it to IRB for review. This process involves creation of variety of ad copy (options), social media posts, and emails. To run the process effectively, there should be plenty of materials and to find the messaging that works best for the audience.   Step 5: Submitting Outreach Materials to the IRB  Once the outreach material is compiled, this is the time to submit the resources or materials to Institutional Review Board (IRB). It typically takes a few weeks to receive a feedback. This process may take additional time for requested revisions. Once the revision is done, then the sponsors draft a launch timeline with this in mind to avoid any delays. Step 6: Beginning Outreach and Analysing Results  With the process of outreach begins, CROs used to set up the test along with the study of target audience through social media channels including Facebook and other platforms. This process makes it possible to identify the target segment that is most responsive to outreach. Once the campaign is running, it is a continuous process to improve it with the campaign strategy based on the continuation of patient recruitment process.   Patient Recruitment Platforms Clinical research recruitment is undergoing a significant transformation, driven by the need for faster, more efficient, and patient-centric approaches. These platforms often incorporate features that allow for detailed patient profiling, matching individuals with relevant trials based on their medical history, demographics, and even genetic information. This targeted approach significantly increases the likelihood of finding suitable participants, reducing the time and resources wasted on screening ineligible individuals.  One of the most exciting developments in this space is the rise of recruiting and prescreening decentralized research. Decentralized trials, which leverage technology to conduct studies remotely, offer numerous advantages, including increased patient accessibility and reduced participant burden. These trials often rely on digital platforms for patient recruitment, enabling researchers to reach individuals who may be geographically dispersed or unable to travel to traditional research sites. Furthermore, these platforms facilitate remote prescreening, allowing researchers to gather preliminary information about potential participants before conducting in-person or virtual assessments.  Clinical Trial Patient Recruitment is becoming more data driven. By leveraging data analytics, researchers can identify patient populations with specific characteristics, predict enrolment rates, and optimize recruitment strategies. This data-driven approach allows for more targeted outreach, improving the efficiency and effectiveness of recruitment efforts. Furthermore, integrating data from electronic health records (EHRs) and other sources can help identify potential participants who may be eligible for specific trials.  Here are some of the key benefits of modern patient recruitment strategies:  Clinical Research Recruitment  Clinical research recruitment is a critical component of the overall clinical trial process. It involves the strategies

The Guide to Clinical Epidemiology: 10 Powerful Insights 

Clinical Epidemiology

What Is Epidemiology?  Clinical Epidemiology is the science of investigating health-related events in different populations. It applies data analysis techniques to determine the causes of diseases and their distribution. The epidemiological study definition extends beyond just infectious diseases; it also includes chronic conditions, environmental hazards, and social determinants of health.  A public health epidemiologist examines the health status of communities, focusing on identifying risk factors and developing prevention strategies. The scope of epidemiology is vast, covering not only diseases but also issues like terrorism, natural disasters, and global health crises.  Understanding Clinical Epidemiology and Its Significance  Epidemiology is the foundation of public health, focusing on the study of disease patterns, causes, and effects in populations. It helps identify risk factors, track disease outbreaks, and develop preventive measures to improve global health. By analyzing data, epidemiologists contribute to shaping healthcare policies and interventions. This field extends beyond infectious diseases to include chronic illnesses, environmental hazards, and lifestyle-related conditions. Epidemiology plays a vital role in ensuring community well-being by preventing diseases before they spread, making it a crucial aspect of healthcare and public health planning.  The Uses of Epidemiology in Public Health  The importance of epidemiology in public health cannot be overstated. By employing epidemiological methods, public health professionals can:  Key Principles: The Five W’s of Epidemiology  Epidemiologists use a structured approach known as the Five W’s to investigate health-related issues:  Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health  Clinical epidemiology is a specialized branch of epidemiology that focuses on improving patient care through research-based evidence. It integrates medical research and epidemiological principles to enhance disease diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.  Objectives of Clinical Epidemiology:  Global health initiatives rely heavily on clinical epidemiology to combat emerging diseases and improve healthcare accessibility worldwide. The Master of Public Health (MPH) degree equips professionals with the necessary skills to address data integration challenges in global health research.  Epidemiology in Cancer Research  Cancer epidemiology plays a vital role in understanding the causes and prevention of cancer. Epidemiologists study cancer incidence, mortality rates, and survival trends to formulate effective public health interventions.  According to recent global health statistics:  The Importance of Disease Surveillance  Disease surveillance is a fundamental aspect of public health that involves the ongoing collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data. The CDC defines surveillance as an essential tool for controlling infectious diseases.  Public health agencies monitor diseases such as:  By employing advanced data integration methods, epidemiologists can track disease progression and implement timely interventions.  Chronic Disease and Lifecourse Epidemiology  Chronic disease epidemiology focuses on the long-term impact of diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and mental health conditions. The lifecourse epidemiology approach examines how early-life exposures influence health outcomes later in life.  Key areas of study include:  Infectious Disease Epidemiology  Infectious diseases remain a significant public health concern. Infectious disease epidemiology aims to control and eliminate diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Research areas include:  Injury epidemiology studies unintentional injuries (e.g., motor vehicle crashes, burns) and intentional injuries (e.g., violence, suicides). Public health initiatives focus on:  Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology  Advancements in molecular and genetic epidemiology have revolutionized disease prevention. Researchers study genetic markers and molecular pathways to understand disease susceptibility.  Key areas include:  Traditional vs. Modern Epidemiology Conclusion  Epidemiology remains at the forefront of public health, guiding policies and interventions to improve global health outcomes. Through clinical epidemiology and global health research, biostatistics, and advanced data integration methods, epidemiologists continue to tackle some of the world’s most pressing health challenges. By pursuing public health courses such as an MPH (Master of Public Health), aspiring professionals can contribute to a healthier future for all.  The transformation of epidemiology in the 21st century will depend on integrating traditional methods with innovative technology, ensuring a data-driven approach to disease prevention and health promotion.   At CliniLaunch we provide in-depth learning sessions with detailed curriculum for PG Diploma in Biostatics course. To learn more about such informative topics and modules visit our website and enroll today.  References

AI Expert System Challenges: 7 Obstacles to Healthcare Adoption 

AI Expert System

Artificial intelligence (AI) is no longer a futuristic concept in healthcare; it’s a rapidly evolving reality. AI expert system, designed to mimic human cognitive abilities in specific domains, hold immense promise for revolutionizing patient care. These systems can analyze vast datasets, assist in complex decision-making, and personalize treatment plans. However, the path to widespread adoption is fraught with obstacles. Understanding and addressing these challenges of AI in healthcare is crucial for unlocking the transformative potential of this technology.  Introduction: The Promise and the Pitfalls  The allure of AI in healthcare lies in its ability to enhance diagnostics, accelerate drug discovery, and improve patient outcomes. From predicting disease progression to automating administrative tasks, the opportunities of AI in healthcare are vast. Yet, the reality is that many AI initiatives struggle to move beyond pilot projects. This gap between potential and practical implementation stems from a complex interplay of technical, ethical, and organizational hurdles. This blog delves into seven pivotal challenges, providing actionable insights for healthcare leaders and technology innovators.  Challenge 1: The Foundation – Data Quality and Availability AI expert system is only as good as the data they learn from. In healthcare, data is often scattered across various systems, riddled with inconsistencies, and subject to strict privacy regulations. The challenge extends beyond mere volume; it’s about ensuring the data is accurate, complete, and representative.  Challenge 2: Bridging the Gap – Interoperability and Integration  Healthcare ecosystems are complex networks of interconnected systems. Integrating AI expert system seamlessly into this landscape requires addressing interoperability challenges.  Challenge 3: Navigating the Ethical Maze – Regulatory and Ethical Concerns  The deployment of AI in healthcare raises profound ethical questions about patient safety, privacy, and algorithmic bias.  Enroll for: PG Diploma in AI & ML  Challenge 4: Building Trust – Clinical Adoption and Acceptance  The success of AI in healthcare depends on gaining the trust and acceptance of clinicians.  For early diagnosis and remote patient monitoring, 90% of hospitals will use AI-powered technology in 2025.  Challenge 5: Demonstrating Value – Cost and Return on Investment (ROI)  Healthcare organizations need to justify investments in AI by demonstrating a clear ROI.  AI-driven chatbots are estimated to save healthcare organizations 3.6 billion dollars worldwide.  Challenge 6: Addressing Bias – Fairness and Equity  AI algorithms can maintain and increase existing biases in healthcare.  With an expected revenue of 50.24 billion dollars by 2028, the European Union is the second-highest contributor to the global AI healthcare market.  Challenge 7: Ensuring Longevity – Scalability and Sustainability  The long-term success of AI in healthcare depends on scalability and sustainability.  The global AI healthcare market is expected to reach 188 billion dollars by 2030.  Conclusion: Charting the Course Forward  Overcoming these challenges requires a collaborative effort from healthcare providers, technology vendors, regulatory bodies, and researchers. By prioritizing data quality, interoperability, ethical considerations, and clinical adoption, we can unlock the transformative potential of AI expert system in healthcare.  To stay ahead in this dynamic field, explore our PG Diploma in AI and ML Course. Visit our website at https://clinilaunchresearch.in/ for detailed program information and to begin your journey in shaping the future of AI in healthcare.  References  The Statistical Landscape of AI Adoption in Healthcare  https://radixweb.com/blog/ai-in-healthcare-statistics Adopting AI in Healthcare: Benefits, Challenges and Real-Life Examples  https://leobit.com/blog/adopting-ai-in-healthcare-benefits-challenges-and-real-life-examples/#:~:text=According%20to%20a%202021%20survey,AI%20systems%20were%20fully%20functional.

5 Key Advancements in Rare Disease Genetics: Diagnosis, Treatment & Research 

Imagine a world where your child’s health remains a mystery, where doctors struggle to pinpoint the cause of their weakening symptoms. This is the reality for millions affected by rare diseases. While each condition may affect a small number of individuals, collectively, rare diseases impact a significant portion of the global population. At the heart of understanding and addressing these complex conditions lies the rare disease genetics. This blog will delve into the profound role of genetics in rare diseases, exploring the groundbreaking advancements in diagnosis and treatment that are offering hope to those affected.  The Genetic Basis of Rare Diseases: Unraveling the Code  Rare diseases often stem from alterations in our genetic code. These changes, or mutations, can occur in a single gene, involve larger chromosomal abnormalities, or affect mitochondrial DNA. When a gene responsible for a specific function is mutated, it can disrupt normal biological processes, leading to a rare disease. One of the challenges in rare disease genetics is genetic heterogeneity – the phenomenon where different mutations in the same gene, or mutations in different genes, can result in similar or overlapping disease presentations. Understanding these diverse genetic underpinnings is crucial for accurate diagnosis and targeted therapies.  Inheritance patterns, such as autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked, play a significant role in determining how rare diseases are passed down through families. Genetic counseling is essential for families to understand their risk and make informed decisions.  How are Genetic Disorders Defined Genetic disorders are a category of illnesses passed down through familial lines, from one or both biological parents. This encompasses a range of congenital anomalies, long-term health conditions, developmental impairments, and sensory deficiencies.  Congenital Anomalies (Birth Defects):  Developmental Impairments:  Long-Term Health Conditions (Chronic Diseases):  Sensory Deficiencies:  The global rare disease diagnostics market was valued at an estimated 28.7 billion US dollars in 2019 and is projected to exceed 70 billion dollars by 2030.  Enroll for: PG Diploma in Biostatistics  Advancements in Genetic Diagnosis: Illuminating the Unknown  Progress in understanding the genetic basis of rare diseases has paved the way for innovative treatment approaches. Gene therapy holds immense promise for correcting the underlying defects in rare disease genetics. By introducing a functional copy of a gene or modifying a faulty gene, gene therapy aims to restore normal cellular function. Different gene therapy approaches, such as gene replacement and gene editing, are being explored. Success stories like gene therapy for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) have demonstrated the transformative potential of this approach. However, challenges remain, including efficient gene delivery, immune responses, and the high cost of these therapies.  Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), while rare, is the second most common severe hereditary disease affecting infants and children, after cystic fibrosis. It is estimated to occur in 1 out of every 6,000 to 11,000 live births.  Small molecule therapies, which target specific genetic mutations, are another area of significant advancement. These drugs can modulate the activity of proteins encoded by mutated genes, offering therapeutic benefits. Drug repurposing, the process of identifying new uses for existing drugs, is also proving to be valuable in rare disease treatment. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) has been a game-changer for lysosomal storage disorders, providing patients with the enzymes they lack. However, ERT has limitations, including the need for lifelong infusions and limited efficacy in certain tissues.  Personalized medicine approaches, tailored to individual genetic profiles, are revolutionizing rare disease management. Pharmacogenomics, the study of how genes affect drug response, is helping to optimize drug therapy and minimize adverse effects. The development of antisense oligonucleotides is also helping to treat certain rare diseases.  CRISPR technology has emerged as a powerful tool for gene editing, offering the potential to precisely correct genetic mutations. While still in its early stages, CRISPR-based therapies are being investigated for a range of rare diseases. However, ethical considerations and safety concerns surrounding gene editing must be carefully addressed.  Navigating the Landscape of Rare Genetic Disorders When discussing rare genetic disorders, it’s crucial to recognize the breadth and complexity of the spectrum. While identifying a definitive top 10 list can be challenging due to variations in data sources and definitions, certain conditions are frequently highlighted.  Top 10 Rare Diseases:  The top 10 rare diseases are,  10 Different Genetic Disorders:  The 10 different genetic disorders are,  Extremely Rare Genetic Disorders: The extremely rare genetic disorders are,  Most Common Genetic Disorders:  The most common genetic disorders are,  Patient Advocacy and Support: A Collective Effort  Patient advocacy groups play a pivotal role in raising awareness, funding research, and providing support to individuals and families affected by rare diseases. Patient registries and data sharing initiatives are essential for accelerating research and improving patient outcomes. Access to care, including genetic counseling, diagnostic testing, and specialized treatments, remains a significant challenge for many rare disease patients. Community and online support groups provide invaluable emotional support and practical advice.  The Future of Rare Disease Genetics: A Beacon of Hope  The future of rare disease genetics is bright, with emerging technologies like artificial intelligence and big data offering new avenues for research and diagnosis. Continued research and collaboration among researchers, clinicians, and patient advocacy groups are essential for driving progress. Increased funding for rare disease research is crucial for translating scientific discoveries into clinical applications.  We are entering an era of unprecedented progress in rare disease genetics, offering hope and improved quality of life for those affected.  Conclusion  Advancements in genetic technologies have revolutionized the diagnosis and treatment of rare diseases. From next-generation sequencing to gene therapy, we are witnessing transformative progress that is changing the lives of patients and families. Continued efforts in research, collaboration, and patient advocacy are essential for ensuring that no one is left behind in the fight against rare disease genetics. Let us all support the ongoing efforts to unlock the mysteries of rare diseases and bring hope to those who need it most.  Are you passionate about contributing to this transformative field? The advancements we’ve discussed highlight the growing need for skilled professionals in clinical research,

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